(USCIS.gov)
Reports from multi-national opinion surveys on U.S. standing and related issues
Majorities in Developed and Developing Countries Want Action on Climate Change, Even if it Entails Costs
World Bank/WorldPublicOpinion.org/PIPA. Released 3 December 2009
A new poll of 15 nations, most of them in the developing world, finds that majorities of the people canvassed want their governments to take steps to fight climate change, even if that entails costs. People signaled they would support public measures to limit greenhouse gas emissions and step up adaptation measures. For example, respondents would support higher fuel efficiency standards for cars, preserving or expanding forests, and extending funding to vulnerable countries so they can develop hardier crops suited to more severe climates….
Majorities in 14 of 15 countries are willing to pay to fight global climate change. In each country, the poll asked people whether they were willing to bear higher prices for energy and other goods, as part of taking steps to fight climate change. These price increases were calculated as 0.5{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} and 1.0{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} of each country’s per capita GDP, and then described to respondents as defined monthly amounts in local currency. Majorities in six countries–China (68{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), Vietnam (59{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), Japan (53{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), Iran (51{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) and Mexico (51{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b})–say they are willing to pay 1{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}. In addition, majorities in an additional eight countries are willing to pay between 0.5{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} and 1.0{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}….
Majorities in all countries support “limiting the rate of constructing coal-fired power plants, even if this increases the cost of energy.” In China, which is highly reliant on coal, 67{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} support this measure. On average across all countries polled, 68{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} support the idea (31{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} strongly) and 26{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} oppose it (8{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} strongly).
Similarly, majorities in 12 countries support “gradually increasing the requirements for fuel efficiency in automobiles, even if this raises the cost of cars and bus fares.” Majorities in 11 countries support “gradually reducing government subsidies that favor private transportation, even if this raises its cost.” Majorities in all countries polled support “preserving or expanding forested areas, even if this means less land for agriculture or construction.”
The poll also asked about helping poor countries adapt to the effects of climate change. Fourteen majorities and one plurality say their countries “should contribute to international efforts to help poor countries deal with these climate-induced changes.” Many developing countries (such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Kenya, and Senegal) express more than 90{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} support for acting in solidarity with other countries facing problems like their own….
Carried out by WorldPublicOpinion.org and commissioned by the World Bank, the poll questioned 13,518 respondents in 15 nations– Bangladesh, China, Egypt, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Russia, Senegal, Turkey, the United States, and Vietnam. … The surveys were conducted across the different nations in September and October 2009.
Twenty years after the Cold War, little support found for capitalism
BBC World Service/GlobeScan/PIPA. Released 9 November 2009
Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a new BBC World Service global poll finds that dissatisfaction with free market capitalism is widespread, with an average of only 11{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} across 27 countries saying that it works well and that greater regulation is not a good idea.
In only two countries do more than one in five feel that capitalism works well as it stands–the US (25{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) and Pakistan (21{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}).
The most common view is that free market capitalism has problems that can be addressed through regulation and reform–a view held by an average of 51{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} of more than 29,000 people polled by GlobeScan/PIPA.
An average of 23{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} feel that capitalism is fatally flawed, and a new economic system is needed–including 43{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} in France, 38{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} in Mexico, 35{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} in Brazil and 31{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} in Ukraine.
Furthermore, majorities would like their government to be more active in owning or directly controlling their country’s major industries in 15 of the 27 countries. This view is particularly widely held in countries of the former Soviet states of Russia (77{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), and Ukraine (75{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), but also Brazil (64{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), Indonesia (65{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), and France (57{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b})….
The results are drawn from a survey of 29,033 adult citizens across 27 countries, conducted for BBC World Service by the international polling firm GlobeScan, together with the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Maryland. GlobeScan coordinated fieldwork between 19 June and 13 October 2009.
Declining support for bin Laden and suicide bombing
Pew Global Attitudes Project. Released 10 September 2009
Eight years after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the Pew Global Attitudes Project finds that support for Osama bin Laden has declined considerably among Muslim publics in recent years. Moreover, majorities or pluralities among eight of the nine Muslim publics surveyed this year say that suicide bombing and other forms of violence against civilians can never be justified to defend Islam; only in the Palestinian territories does a majority endorse such attacks.
The drop in support for bin Laden has been most dramatic in Indonesia, Pakistan and Jordan. Currently, about one-quarter of Muslims in Jordan (28{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) and Indonesia (25{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) express confidence in the al Qaeda leader to do the right thing regarding world affairs; in 2003, majorities in each country agreed (56{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} and 59{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}, respectively).
In Pakistan, where bin Laden is believed to be hiding, 18{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} of Muslims now say they have confidence in him. Just last year, 34{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} of Pakistani Muslims expressed support for bin Laden and, in 2003, nearly half (46{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) agreed. Pakistani Muslims’ views of al Qaeda have also grown less favorable over the past year; 9{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} have a favorable view of the group, compared with 25{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} in 2008….
Only in Nigeria is Osama bin Laden more popular among Muslims than he was earlier in the decade. More than half of Nigerian Muslims (54{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) have confidence in bin Laden when it comes to world affairs; 44{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} said that was the case in 2003….
Support for suicide bombing and other forms or violence that target civilians has also declined in recent years. Among the Muslim publics surveyed, Pakistanis now express the strongest rejection to this kind of violence — 87{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} say such acts are never justified. In 2002, just months after the September 11 attacks, one-third in Pakistan said suicide bombing was often or sometimes justified in order to defend Islam, while 43{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} said it was rarely or never justified.
Support for U.S. leadership skyrockets in Europe
Transatlantic Trends 2009. Released 9 September 2009
To Europeans, President Obama is certainly no George W. Bush. Support of the current American president jumped 80 percentage points in Germany, 77 points in France, 70 in Portugal, and 64 in Italy. No other single annual indicator changed this much in the eight years of Transatlantic Trends. Even in Turkey, where only half the respondents (50{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) support Obama, that backing represents a 42 percentage-point increase over approval of President Bush (8{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) in 2008.
The Obama bounce was more pronounced in Western than in Central and Eastern Europe. West Europeans (86{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) overwhelmingly view Obama’s policies favorably. But respondents in Central and East European countries, while still supportive (60{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}), are markedly less enthusiastic. In 2009, fewer people in Central and Eastern Europe (53{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) than in Western Europe (63{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) see America in a positive light. That is a reversal from 2008 when, by a slight margin, Central and East European nations (44{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) were more favorably disposed toward the United States than were their West European counterparts (40{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}). People in Central and Eastern Europe (25{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) are far less likely than West Europeans (43{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) to believe that relations between the United States and Europe have improved over the past year.
Fewer Central and East Europeans (53{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) than West Europeans (63{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) believe that NATO is essential. But more Central and East Europeans (45{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) than West Europeans (39{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) believe that the partnership in security, diplomatic, and economic affairs between the United States and the European Union should become closer, suggesting a desire for better ties with Washington even as the region remains relatively cool to the new American president. …
TNS Opinion conducted the survey and collected the data from the United States and 12 European countries: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria. Interviews were conducted by telephone using CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews) in all countries except Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania (where lower telephone penetration necessitates face-to-face interviews), between June 9 and July 1, 2009. In each country, a random sample of approximately 1,000 men and women, 18 years of age and older were interviewed. The margin of error is plus/minus 3 percentage points.
Confidence in Obama lifts U.S. image around the world
Pew Global Attitudes Project. Released 23 July 2009
The image of the United States has improved markedly in most parts of the world, reflecting global confidence in Barack Obama. In many countries opinions of the United States are now about as positive as they were at the beginning of the decade before George W. Bush took office. Improvements in the U.S. image have been most pronounced in Western Europe, where favorable ratings for both the nation and the American people have soared. But opinions of America have also become more positive in key countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia, as well.
Signs of improvement in views of America are seen even in some predominantly Muslim countries that held overwhelmingly negative views of the United States in the Bush years. The most notable increase occurred in Indonesia, where people are well aware of Obama’s family ties to the country and where favorable ratings of the U.S. nearly doubled this year. However for the most part, opinions of the U.S. among Muslims in the Middle East remain largely unfavorable, despite some positive movement in the numbers in Jordan and Egypt. Animosity toward the U.S., however, continues to run deep and unabated in Turkey, the Palestinian territories and Pakistan.
Israel stands out in the poll as the only public among the 25 surveyed where the current U.S. rating is lower than in past surveys.
In contrast, in Germany favorable opinion of the U.S. jumped from 31{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} in 2008 to 64{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} in the current survey. Large boosts in U.S. favorability ratings since last year are also recorded in Britain, Spain and France. In its own hemisphere, America’s image rose markedly in Canada, Mexico, Argentina and Brazil. Improvements in U.S. ratings are less evident in countries where the country’s image had not declined consistently during the Bush years, including Poland, Japan and South Korea. Opinions of the U.S. remain very positive in the African nations of Kenya and Nigeria, while increasing significantly in India and China.
The new survey by the Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project, conducted May 18 to June 16, finds that confidence in Barack Obama’s foreign policy judgments stands behind a resurgent U.S. image in many countries. Belief that Obama will “do the right thing in world affairs” is now nearly universal in Western countries, where lack of confidence in President Bush had been almost as prevalent for much of his time in office. In France and Germany, no fewer than nine-in-ten express confidence in the new American president, exceeding the ratings achieved by Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel in their own countries…
Countries and regions included in the survey:
– The Americas: United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico
– Europe: Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Poland, Russia
– Middle East: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Turkey
– Africa: Nigeria, Kenya
– Asia: Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Pakistan, China, India
Results for the survey are based on telephone and face-to-face interviews conducted under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. All surveys are based on national samples except in Brazil, China, India, and Pakistan where the samples were disproportionately urban.
Overseas publics continue to distrust U.S. policies, despite high approval of Obama.
WorldPublicOpinion.org. Released 7 July 2009
A new WorldPublicOpinion.org poll finds that around the world US foreign policy continues to receive heavy criticism on a variety of fronts, even though in 13 of 19 nations most people say they have confidence in President Obama to do the right thing in international affairs.
The US is criticized for coercing other nations with its superior power (15 of 19 nations), failing to abide by international law (17 of 19 nations), and for how it is dealing with climate change (11 of 18 nations). Overall, views are mixed on whether the US is playing a mainly positive or mainly negative role in the world.
Asked whether they have confidence in Barack Obama to “do the right thing regarding world affairs,” for all nations (excluding the US) an average of 61 percent say they have some or a lot of confidence.
But asked how the US treats their government, few–on average just one in four–say it “treats us fairly,” while two-thirds say that it “abuses its greater power to make us do what the US wants.” Overall, these views are no better than they were in 2008. Only three countries diverged from this view (Kenya, Nigeria, and Germany).
In all nations polled, majorities say that the US “use(s) the threat of military force to gain advantages.” Majorities range from 61 percent in India and Poland to 92 percent in South Korea and include America’s close ally Great Britain (83{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}). On average, across all nations polled, 77 percent perceive the US as threatening. Even 71 percent of Americans agree….
WorldPublicOpinion.org conducted the poll of 19,923 respondents in 20 nations that comprise 62 percent of the world’s population. This includes most of the largest nations–China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia–as well as Mexico, Germany, Great Britain, France, Poland, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Kenya, Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, the Palestinian territories, and South Korea. Polling was also conducted in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.
WorldPublicOpinion.org, a collaborative project involving research centers from around the world, is managed by the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Maryland. The margins of error range from +/-3 to 4 percentage points. Not all questions were asked in all nations. The survey was conducted between April 4 and June 12, 2009, prior to Obama’s speech in Cairo but subsequent to his Ankara speech….
Obama most trusted as world leader.
WorldPublicOpinion.org. Released 29 June 2009
US President Barack Obama has the confidence of many publics around the world – inspiring far more confidence than any other world political leader according to a new poll of 20 nations by WorldPublicOpinion.org. A year ago, President Bush was one of the least trusted leaders in the world.
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin now have the most negative confidence ratings around the world. On average across all nations about half have little or no confidence that they will “do the right thing regarding world affairs” while just a third or less do have confidence….
An average of 61 percent express a lot or some confidence in Obama to do the right thing in world affairs, across the nineteen nations polled (excluding the US). Thirty-one percent say they have not too much or no confidence at all. In 13 nations, a majority or plurality has confidence in Obama; in five nations they do not; one nation is divided. A majority of the American public (70{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) also expresses confidence in Obama in world affairs.
No other leader has the confidence of more than an average of 40 percent across the publics polled. For most leaders, more express a lack of confidence than express confidence….
WorldPublicOpinion.org conducted the poll of 19,224 respondents in nations that comprise 62 percent of the world’s population. This includes most of the largest nations–China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia–as well as Mexico, Germany, Great Britain, France, Poland, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Kenya, Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, the Palestinian territories, and South Korea. Publics were also polled in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The margins of error range from +/-3 to 4 percent….
Germans view Obama favorably; opinions on U.S. policies improving.
WorldPublicOpinion.org. Released 4 June 2009
According to a new WorldPublicOpinion.org poll of the German public, when President Obama speaks to Germans on Friday, he will encounter an audience that is not only positive about Obama himself, but is beginning to lean positively toward the US as well. At the same time, disagreements remain on US policies on climate change, the use of military force in general, and, most importantly, the operation in Afghanistan.
A striking 89 percent of Germans say they have confidence in Obama to “do the right thing in world affairs.”
For the first time since the Iraq war a plurality of Germans express positive views of the US. Forty-four percent of Germans now say the US is playing a mainly positive role in the world, while 34 percent see it as playing a negative role. In 2008 BBC found only 20 percent thinking the US was a positive influence, and Pew found just 31 percent who viewed the US favorably. …
The poll of 1000 German adults was conducted by telephone from April 29 to May 14 by the German polling firm Ri*QUESTA GmbH, a member of the WorldPublicOpinion.org network. The findings have a margin of error of +/-3.2 percent….
More Egyptians view Obama favorably than Bush, but are still skeptical of U.S. policies.
WorldPublicOpinion.org. Released 3 June 2009
A new WorldPublicOpinion.org poll finds Egyptians continue to view US foreign policy quite negatively and see President Obama as closely aligned with it. At the same time, Obama has much better ratings than Bush had, and there are signs of thawing feelings toward the US.
Asked how much confidence they have in Obama to do the right thing in international affairs, 39 percent say they have some or a lot of confidence–up sharply from the 8 percent who viewed George W. Bush positively in January 2008. Views of the United States government have also improved with favorable views rising to 46 percent from 27 percent in an August 2008 WorldPublicOpinion.org poll.
However, there has been little change in the views of US foreign policy. Sixty-seven percent say that the US plays a negative role in the world.
Large majorities continue to believe the US has goals to weaken and divide the Islamic world (76{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) and control Middle East oil (80{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}). Eight in 10 say the US is seeking to impose American culture on Muslim countries (80{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}). Six in ten say it is not a goal of the US to create a Palestinian state. These numbers are virtually unchanged from 2008.
When asked about Obama’s goals, Egyptians’ views are almost exactly the same as their views of US goals. Sixty percent say they have little or no confidence that Obama will do the right thing in international affairs….
The poll was conducted through face-to-face interviews from April 25-May 12 with 600 urban Egyptians. The margin of error is 4.1 percent….
Opinion of the U.S. remains negative; views of China and Russia decline
BBC World Service/PIPA/GlobeScan. Released February 2009
Public views of China and Russia have slipped considerably in the past year, according to a new BBC World Service poll across 21 countries. Views of the US have improved modestly over the past year but remain predominantly negative, even though the poll was taken after President Obama’s election.
In last year’s BBC Poll across the same countries, people leaned toward saying China and Russia were having positive influences in the world. But views of China are now divided, with positive ratings having slipped six points to 39 per cent, while 40 per cent are now negative. Negative views of Russia have jumped eight points so that now, substantially more have a negative (42{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) than a positive view (30{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}) of Russia’s influence.
Views of the US showed improvements in Canada, Egypt, Ghana, India, Italy and Japan. But far more countries have predominantly negative views of America (12), than predominantly positive views (6). Most Europeans show little change and views of the US in Russia and China have grown more negative. On average, positive views have risen from 35 per cent to 40 per cent, but they are still outweighed by negative views (43{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b}, down from 47{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b})….
The US for the first time since 2005 has surpassed Russia in positive ratings (an average of 40{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} for the US as compared to 30{2a6033f7eac5eade65ac45c5dc15245d782bf621d43785c1e0a25870ae642a3b} for Russia), but their negative ratings are similar as are the number of countries giving them predominantly positive or negative ratings….
The latest results are based on 13,575 in-home or telephone interviews conducted across a total of 26 countries by the international polling firm GlobeScan, together with the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Maryland. GlobeScan coordinated fieldwork between 21 November 2008 and 1 February 2009. The countries surveyed include: Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, France, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Philippines, Russia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, USA.
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